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Chinese and western has its own unique culture, and "face" view is one of the important aspects of culture. Due to the understanding of the eastern and western face concerns, and dealing with problems of face of different ways, often for both bring communication difficult or even misunderstanding. In this paper, through to east and west "face" of the comparison and analysis, this paper discusses the different culture background of face view differences and their cultural values and maintenance of east and west, and face different strategy for the communication in communication process more in-depth understanding of the face view, raise people social culture and social language differences, to reduce the sensitivity of the cultural conflicts caused by the face of eastern and western cultures, and from the integration of the benefit.
Keywords: face; Cultural values; Positive face; Negative face
With the integration process, successful cross-cultural communication in multinational cooperation are becoming more and more important, people become involved in all the contacts "face" (their) put. Face theory, as a kind of polite phenomenon, has penetration in human behavior in. As one of the theory of face of politeness in Chinese and western situation where there are many differences. 1 Chinese and western face in the 1950 s in theory end, the American sociologist Goffman gough ord () put forward a set of famous face theory. He from sociology system analysis of the "face" (put) this concept. The "face" defined as "a man in a specific communication occasions, by taking action and words for his own positive social value, is the attribute of the social approval and create a self image". Gough ord think face problems of communication, both parties should key is to try to protect themselves and each other's face. British anthropologists Levinson time and in 1978 published an essay on the application of Language common phenomenon: polite phenomenon "(in Language Universals drives: Politeness Phenome making) of the article, put forward the theory of" face "(keep) put the first of manners, and face the issue to a system discussed in this paper. They continue to Goffman of "Face" concept, put forward "Face preservation Theory" (keep) work put. This theory has spread across national borders and beyond the different culture, for the politeness principle model development play an important role. Time and in 1978 launched Levinson its monographs Uiversals in Language: Politeness Phe-nomena1 drives (the Language use of universality: polite phenomenon ") revised, in 1987 they also published Politeness: Univer-sals Language of the boards, they Usage1 expounded the Politeness Theory, this paper puts forward three basic concept: Face (put), threat of Face put-threatening behavior (Acts) and Face preservation Theory (work) put keep. Time and Levinson think face has two aspects, that is, negative face (put) visitors and actively face (put) positive. Negative face refers to don't want people to impose themselves, their behavior from others of interference, hindered; Positive face refers to hope to get approval from others, and love. And they will Face behavior "threat" classification, such as lead to negative and positive on-line Face Face damaged Acts and lead to put-threatening to negative Face, positive damaged Face put threatening-Acts, and puts forward the corresponding negative politeness strategies and active politeness strategies. In recent years the western scholars to tend to be in a more diversified face view, DingTong (Ting-Toomey, 1988), individualism that guidance culture (like the United States, Germany, Switzerland and other countries of the cultural) teach personal than face, and collectivism guidance culture (such as China, Japan, South Korea and other countries to the culture) is more pay attention to corporate face. The former culture face the consultation is more direct and KuaiDang, and then a culture of the face is more indirect and long negotiation. The Chinese people face, the earliest works is also the most western world is concerned about the American missionaries Smith with the "Chinese temperament of this book. He thinks that Chinese face connotation complex, the implications of more than we can describe or may understand the meaning of more than 1894), (Smith. In the early 1930 s, Mr. Lu xun once special people to write analysis "face" article, he thinks "' face 'is very complex, and abound change, each kind of identity, there is a kind of" face ". But "face" understand what's going on? Lu xun also failed to clear. By Chinese culture of master Lin yutang Chinese influence, although the face began a depict and in-depth analysis, also only think "face is abstract and unpredictable," for example and easy to define difficult. The first face of people define is Chinese anthropologists HuXianJin, in 1944, she was the American anthropologist, published on the article, first will "face" concept is introduced to the west. She put her face defined as "individual in the society have the prestige of the achievement, it is the people of accomplishment to see that. She also believes that "face representative is popular in China to kind of reputation, this is in the life experience risen, by success and boast Tito and reputation..." . Taiwan XuHuanGuang scholars think "face" from China's sense of shame culture (western civilization is sin are), in the sense of shame orientation under the influence of the Chinese people, pay special attention to "face". "Face" is the traditional Chinese culture, traditional values, the personality characteristics, cultural sense of shame orientation the interaction of complex structure. Gu yue countries to China, Mr. Courtesy and face rather representative research. Gu think modern polite contains four basic principles respect, humility, hot affection, the elegant (respectfulness, sees the warmth, refinement, attitudinal intended). And put forward the suitable for modern Chinese several of the politeness norms: those who have honour criteria; Call criteria; Elegant criteria; Seek the common rule. Germany, words and deeds criterion. One of the seek common standards and relevant face. 2 of the formation of the Chinese and western theory of face value difference between Chinese and western culture and its characteristics analysis for its origin and the long-term process of history by society, history, geography elements, form the different values and its own characteristics. 2. 1 Chinese culture face view of face view is the main body of Chinese culture, is the essence of Confucian culture. Face the word is extensive and profound culture of China in five thousand of the most abundant implications, has become the dominant vocabulary Chinese society operation of the unspoken rule. "People live a face, a tree, a skin" live "better to be poise, don't temperature". "People live a face, a tree," skin "live life face, skin, live trees live a mud wall." These expressions are Chinese JiangMianZi portraiture. The American missionaries Arthur hendrix Smith in the blockbuster "Chinese character", "to save face" as a Chinese first case. The United States social scientists "Lin (m. Thelin, pointed out that the values of the Chinese people in their faces to be on core. American psychologist Domino (g. Domino) thinks that faces the Chinese social regulations and human behavior, is the key to explain many Chinese behavior. In 1935 in its Lin yutang well-known, my country and my people "(also named" Chinese "), "face" rule of three Chinese is the most powerful in the goddess of a, think it is "the most exquisite Chinese social communication of the standard". From the above discussion of the scholars can be seen in the face problems in Chinese mind has incomparable status, and has important social and moral function in the daily life of the Chinese people face is behavior plays a dominated and adjust the function. In Chinese culture, collectivism have extremely core status. In two thousand the Chinese feudal history, its civilization based on agricultural economy based on, "generations of farmers was tied to the routine of their survival on land. But war and famine, farmers, whether it is almost constant social class or in the geographical environment." Mankind (, 1988) people and their land between people, form the interdependence of the link, so closely related, weal and woe. Friends and family settled in one place, if have no natural disasters, rarely travel far, so more and more close, group relations. In this historical background values is a kind of collective socialist collectivism) (based on the values, pay attention to the harmony among people, pay attention to the social nature of man, and to pay attention to the social, group for personal constraints, not outstanding individual and personality, and emphasizes the role of the group. People with group as the center, personal emotions and desires, privacy, relative to the groups speaking very small, work like speak "face", and to others or to highlight his disdain group. Will tell from this meaning, the Chinese people's face is more of our collective's face, and pay attention to interpersonal values in the back, is from the masses to value orientation for refuge. It and western self-centered, emphasize the independent personality and the character, praise highly personal achievement and honor values to form bright contrast. On the other hand, the Chinese AiMianZi by the pre-qin Confucian thoughts influence. Especially The Confucian thought have been the cornerstone of Chinese traditional philosophy, two thousand DuoNian to, it cultivates the Chinese civilization, and its influence has been deeply branding in the Chinese national character. Confucianism, word interpretation, cultured is benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, letter, ritual, righteousness, cream, shame, humility and reserved and moderation, harmonious. Not a evil, not in the small and not for good; Every language, the movement, the way method, personhood dignity, personality, etc, are inconsistent with the advocates of the criticism, and condemned for people hated, good reputation, good face is proves impossible, for a long time the idea thorough popular feeling. 2. 2 of the western culture of the Chinese people face view "face view" for emphasis on personal freedom of movement and personal desire to meet the westerners is hard to understand. According to the cross-cultural communication scholars Hofstede research theory, western culture more stressed individualism. Individualism (individualism) as the mainstream of western culture, deeply rooted in western culture. And China's different, western early in the 14 th century in the Renaissance, the leading thought is humanism, then become "free" "democracy" ideology. Thus westerners highly rAdult Entertainment Bondagebrunette Y Bondage Brunette Szh Bondage Brunette Chinese and western culture "face" of the comparis_Graduation Thesis and papers of English Majorst Brunette wAdult Entertainment Bondagebrunette Y Bondage Brunette Szh Bondage Brunette Chinese and western culture "face" of the comparis_Graduation Thesis and papers of English Majorsa c Bondage p Bondage Brunette Bondage Brunette
